Process and apparatus for the manufacture of dispersoids



4 Sheets-Sheet l IIIIIIltiIIIIIIII'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIllllllllililll H.PLAUSON PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF DISPERSOIDS Filed April 22 Jul 8, 1924.

July 8, 1924 H. PLAUSON PROCESS.AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF DISPERSOIDS Filed April 22 1921 4 Sheets-Sheet. 2

Z 0 oh 4. w 2 2 6H 0 own July 8, 1924. 1,500,845

H. PLAUSON PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF DISPERSOIDS Filed April 22, 19?.) 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 July 8 1924. 1,500,845

H. PLAUSON PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF DISPERSQIDS Aprilli, 1921 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 LS.

iiiii miPlilzm i inr lilmll :l l'l WI 25 the condensation methods employi cal means, and dispersion methods 1n which .50 all kinds vand'the like.

Patented 8,

PATENT omcerLAusoN or more, cnammr.

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF DISPEBSOIDS.

Application filed April Q2, 1921. Serial No. 468,818.-

To all whom a: may mm:

Be it. known that I, HERMANNPLAUsoN, Esthonian subject, residing at Hamburg,

' German have invented certain new and 5 useful rocesses and Apparatus for the Manufacture of Disperso1ds,'of which the following'is a specification.

-This invention; relates to an im roved process and apparatus for the -manu acture of colloidal or dispersoidal suspensions of various substances to various degrees -of fineness.

According to the processes hitherto employed, certain solid substances, after being I subdivided can be converted into a more or less dispersed condition by 1. Dissolvin inv a dlspersing medium (reversible co oids). 2. By electricaldisintegration in a dis- 2o persio'n medium which is a non-conductor of electricity (irreversible colloids).

3. By the use. of chemical means.

These three processes-of treatment may also be divided into two main classes filil'stly, c emithe particles are scattered (Zerstaubung).

As is well known the dis rsion method is based on the discovery of redig, that if an so electric arc'be formed between two electric points or wires under water the metal of the electrodes is scattered or disintegrated in a finely dispersed or colloidal form.

Even by using llQ volts pressure and with a suitable resistance, a fine dispersion of a blue or violet colour at 4 to '5 amperes may be obtained by forming an electric are between metal electrodes to be disintegrated. This, ma also be obtained if a hi her volt- 40.( 8ge spar be caused to jump in a 'spersion medium between two be disperse" d.

L The f dispersion method by means of an electric arc can only be carried out with subpoints of the metal to .stanceswhich are conductors of electric current, such as metals, and this method can not be used forthe dispersion of non-conducting substances or even chem'icalQcompounds such as oxides, basic salts, dyes of Yet it is of very great technical valueto be able to disperse .thcse substances as finely as possible and without chemical means; thus in the case of dyes or aints the covering power, colour 5:? effect an other properties may bemuch im -tainable with anovel t heating or friction mi :that is tosay in a only sli htly conducting, with sufficient force an' for sufiicient length' of time in an impact mill or disc pin, or the like mill (e. g; a dismembrator or Kreuz mill) it is ssible to convert many such substances into a more or less finely dis rsed or colloidal condition. By the addition of small.

quantities of protective colloids during the grinding, the dispersion effect can not only be considerably increased'but the substances I can also be kept for along time and used with their dispersion media as colloids solutions. The process may be carried out with the above mentioned mills of the liquid escaping therefrom, .be constantly returned thereto by means of a pump.

In the application of the process of the present invention .to mills of usual type it has been found that oftencon'siderabl'e practical difliculties arepresent. With some substances, such for exam Is as cellulose, the fine sieves of the usual form of grinding mill would become clogged or stopped and the machines consequently immediately lose its efi'ect.

Apparatus consistingvof a beating.mill, a pump and the necessary intermediary pipes are therefore in most cases ill adapted for making homogeneous dispersoids by the rocess of the invention above indicated it being only possible to convert them unevenly and with considerable los's of efiiciency and: ultimately the fine disp rsed parts have to be separated from the coarser.

It is howeverto be understood that in case of need,- a. result can be obtained even with such-apparatus of usual t The full benefits of the invention of rapid running which the'peripheral grinding speed are obis at least 1000 metres per minute whilst it has been found that for the purpose of the manufacture of colloidal suspensions, the efiiciency rapidly increases with increases in peripheral grinding speed above this value. The most important advantage of these machines is that with them almost mono dispersed or so called isosegmatic systems can be obtained and coarse substances of the most varied kinds can be converted into a dispersed condition.

Such mills may comprise a chamber having one or two rapidly rotating heaters provided with beater arms of any suitable type which heaters are eccentrically mounted 1n the chamber so that grinding. takes place between these rotating heaters and stationary-ahutment teeth or beating surfaces which are preferably adapted to be adjusted from the outside by means'ofa hand wheel for adjusting to ing. This has the advantages, firstly that the entire beating power is mainly concentrated at the place of the heating resist-' ance, and secondly that the rotating heaters provided with the beating arms efiect a thorough mixing of the material with the dispersion medium and always return the ment.

material again to the beating place, and thirdly, that by the regulation of the free space between the beater abutment and rotating heaters a preliminary grinding and conversion into the dispersed condition is rendered possible even in the case of fibrous substances. In similar manner to the dispersion machines with beater arms, machines may alsobe made which produce the same action by friction.

In the accompanying drawings, Figs. 1-10 show percussion machines Fig. 11 a grinding machine and Figs. 12-13 are valves.

In Figs. 1 and 2, I represents the machine casing which is made in two parts 1 and-1", 2 is the rotating part of the beater mill, 3 its shaft, 4 brackets for hearings, 5, 6 bearings for the shaft 3, 7 belt pulley, 8 stufiing box for the shaft packing, and 9 the regulahle stationary heater abut- This has also beater arms or pins which pass exactly into the intervals of the rotating arms. The regulation is efiected by means of a spindle 10 provided on the fixed abutment 9, on the lower end of which spindle a thread is provided which can be turned to right or le by means of a lateral horizontally placed bevelled spur wheel 11 a vertical spur wheel 12 and a hand wheel 13 which latter is supported by a bracket 13 whereby the beater abutment 9 can be raised or lowered a stufiing box 14 is provided for a spindle 1. 16 is a fixed internal hollow cylinder, the object of which is in the first place to distribute the liquid in the mill so that a free e lindrical ring or an- -nular space is -formed a more or less fine grindfor the liquids to hebeaten. By the acton of centrifugal force due to the rotation liquid receives a circular direction of travel about the cylindrical centre piece 16 and is constantly being place. In Fig.

hollow stationary cylinder which is located in the centre is shaped and provided with heaters to co-act with the rotating part of the plunger 2. By this means not only is a double beater action obtained, but also a more energetic effect of rotation of the dispersion medium with the substances to be dispersed. v

The hollow centre piece is steam tight and may be connected y pipes 17 and 18 through valves with ya steam pipe or with coolin water, whereby or coo ing during the heating may tained.

In order to enable the level of the liquid to he observed, a liquid gauge glass 19 is provided and this arrangement also permits of the taking of samples for tests.

The material to be dispersed may be slowly introduced through the feed device 20, 21, which may he made fluid tight through the cover 20, and the finished mixged through the outlet mechhe ohture is dischar anism 22, provided with a wedge valve.

The entire machine may be mounted on a base 23, 24, so high that the valve control is clear of the. ground. The machine is filled up to from to g of its height and then the heating is commenced; the liquid is thereby set in strong. circulatory movement and repeatedly subjected to the heating action until the desired degree of dispersion' is obtaned.

In Fig. 3 instead of the central fixed cylinder 16, a knife 25 is used which is adapted to be moved about an axis and which is prevented by means of two pins 25 from encountering the heaters.

In the modified construction of Figures 4 and 5, the uniform rotation of both heaters is obtained by means of a conical friction disc 26 under control of spring 27 which disc engages two reversely conical driven discs 28 and 29 (Fig. 5). Now when the central cone is set in rapid rotation from the driven belt pulley 7 the two other conical discs 28 and 29 are also set in rotation by frictional contact. In the case of a temporary over-load the spring 27 can yield whereby an automatic compensation is pos sihle.

Fig. 6 shows the same machine, modified in that the two rotating parts are of differ ent sizes and divide the entire casing into two parts whereby three heating places are formed. Further fixed adjustable heating resistanceare shown at two places.

The heater or grindin area is shown in detail in Figures 7 an 8. The separate returned to the heating 1 the lower part of the;

of the heater 2 the a uniform heating Cal bars of the adjustable but non rotating heating abutments 9 are so arranged that they come exactly between the rows of the rotating parts leaving larger or smaller intermediate 5 aces according to the predetermined ad ustment. Preliminary and fine grinding u to a sufiicient degree of dispersion may tiiereby be efi'ected in one and the same machine. The regulating device must however, be so .constructed that even with the finest adjustment possible there is no possibility that the beater arms meet. one

another.

Figs. 1'6 illustrate types of non-continuously working machines, for 'substances which are very easily dispersed machines may be constructed which are based on the same principle but which can be employed separately or in series. Such a dispersion machine is shown in Figs 9 and 10. The dispersion medium with the substances to to be dispersed drops through an opening 21 into the mill at the beatin place 9 and are then subjected to the heating action and then thrown by centrifugal force through an opening 20 into the next comartment B and from B again into C and so orth until they finally come into the collecting vessel through an opening 22 in the compartment D, or through a connecting pipe' 20/21 are returned tothe compartment A. (In order that the internal construction may be better understood a ortion of the mounting in Fig. 10 is omit To prevent the liquid falling back to the other side of the separate compartments, an inclined partition 32 or the like is provided at the upper opening 20. The machine has as many rotating dlsmembering discs as there are compartments. To mount these on a shaft and to make the machine com act the machine is cast in. two arts hel together by means of bolts 30 an 31.

A considerable acceleration of the process is obtained by working under vacuum, and further under vacuum it is ossible to treat dry material. Hitherto t e difliculty of vacuum grindin was that the finest particles were carrie away with the air orggas formed. This difiicult is avoided by the provision .of a filter as s own in Figs. 9, 11, 12, and

13. In a projection 33 of the casing ofthe machine t ere is a perforated plate 39 on rojecting bars, and over this plate a. lural- 1ty of thin filter lates40 rovided wit elongated narrow s ots, as s own in Figs. 12 and 13 which are arranged alternately with the slots in a longitudinal and transverse direction, and over them again a perforated plate 38. The whole is pressed firmly together by means of a pressure screw 35 located in the cover 34. The filter thus formed, which may if desired be coated with suitable elements (cement and the like), is absolutely tight to the finest dust and even to colloids. The vacuum pump is connected to the pipe 37 which is adapted to be closed by means of a valve 36.

Air and any gas formed in the interior of the machine is drawn oif in this way without a trace of the dispersion material passing through.

Instead of dispersion machines with a beater action, such machines may be constructed with a frictional action. The construction of such machines may be similar to that of the beater arm. Such a machine is illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 11. As may be seen from the drawings the machine hardly differs from the others except by the omission of the beaterarms on t e 'dismembering disc and on the regulatable frictional abutment, The abutment is here controlled directly (Fig. 11) but may however also be made in the manner shown in.

Figs. 16. The rotating friction disc may also be larger or smaller than the stationary one, other conditions remaining the same.

, By employing one of the dispersion machines herembefore mentioned the most varied substances may be converted into the very finest dispersed condition if only suitable dispersion media, temperatures, and proportionate quantities are employed. In order to be converted into a sufiiciently finely dispersed condition many substances require varying lengths of time of treatment.

Small additions of media which serve for assisting the dispersion or act as protective colloids for dispersions greatly facilitates and accelerate the process.

The process will be better explalned by the following examples.

E wample 1.

perature. During this time the entire sul-- phur is converted into a finely dispersed --condition and behaves like colloidal sulphur solution made by chemical means. If the solution be allowed to stand for from 1 to 2 hours after beating, small quantities of the sulphur suspension are precipitated, whilst the major part of the remainder rednains a long time in a colloidal condition.

If during the heating 1 to'3% of protective colloids such as protein, gelatine, glycerine, neutral soaps and like substances be added thereto a sulphur dispersion in water of great fineness is obtained. By the addition during the beating of smallquantities of substances which dissolve sulphur for instance benzole, benzene, carbon-bi-sulphide, or the like, the heating time may beshortened by half and 30 to 40% of the sulphur even converted during this time into the condition of amicrone (particles of excepgenerally known methods,

tional fineness).

Molten sulphur may also in a similar manner .be converted into a dispersedor colloidal condition. By heating the dispersion medium to 8090 C. the dispersion pzocess is further accelerated, but then the ating must be continued with simultaneous cooling until the temperature of the liquid has descended to 30 C., others wise the sulphur is precipitated or becomes flocculent.

The process may however also be regarded as a refining process if the sulphur after being converted into a dispersed condition is precipitated by the addition of small quantities of acid, washed and then afresh converted into adispersed condition in pure water in accordance with this invention.

As by this invention sulphur can be converted into a very finely dispersed condition without the. use of chemical means, which was not possible hitherto. by other tion is obtained of extraordinary value for various purposes. The dispersion medium may also'be more or less removed by careful .evaporation in 'vacuo and thereby concentrated solutions may also be formed. Instead of water an organic dispersion medium may also be employed. v a

If less sulphur in proportion to the water beemployed the degree of dispersion is still finer. It isnot advisable to proceed beyond the ratio of 1 to 9 .as then the dispersion is slower and not so complete without the use of accelerating catalysts and the addition of protective colloids. Such colloidal solutions are applicable for the disinfection of trees, vines and the like, also for.

surgical and the like purposes.

Example 2.

15 parts of crude graphite previouslyv washed with boiling water and 100 parts of water are triturated at a temperature of from 8090 C. for 5-10 hours (preferably by the use of the machine of Fig; 11) and this is continued under strong cooling until the temperature of the liquid has sunk to 25 C. The mixture obtained is then pumped into a hollow cylinder and allowed to stand for l to 2 hours. After this time the dispersion medium with the floating graphite particles is carefully separated, by decanting, from the bottom layer, freed by treatment 'in a centrifugal from excess water and dried. About -85% of colloidal graphite is thereby obtained which forms anexcellent lubricant for machinery.

The sand and other particles of impurity are deposited on the bottom and can 'be utilized formaking crucibles and the like a sulphur solu- P By the addition of, 1 3%' potash-olein soap, also tannin and phenol I sulphonic acids such as naphtho-disulphonic acids the process may be accelerated whilst E sample 3.

10 parts of olein soa and 1 part of coarse grained ultramarine as a product of wet grinding), are, after previous washings with hot water (in order to remove traces of sodium compounds) beaten or ground with 100 4 arts of, cold water for 13 hours. During this time the material becomes very finely dispersed and remains floating in the water. It is now allowed to stand and the dispersed material separated by decantation @0111 any course material. Excess water may be removed in a centrifugal, and on careful drying 86-95% fine colloidal colouring material of extremely high covering power can be obtained without the time consuming and exnsive sludging such as has hitherto beenone in the previously known processes, be-

ing necessary.

Instead of water, organic dispersion media, such as benzol, alcohol, alone or with the addition of small quantities of oil and (or) alternatively turpentine may be employed, if a particularly .good kind of turpentine or oil colour is desired.

In similar manner low value kinds of earth and metallic colours (such as iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, chrome colours) or lithopone, as well as other substances employed for dyeapurposes may be converted into a finely dispersed condition. Instead of soap small, quantities of alkali of oils or pheno sulphonic acids e. g. 'naphthol-di-sulphonic acid may be added as accelerators. In some cases tannin or other deflocculating agents may be used. In colours which are to be mixed with oil, in special cases instead'of water an organic dispersion niediflm may be used with or without small quantities of-oil or lacquer solvent. The result of this is that the colours obtained in this way mix well with the oil added in large quantities beforeuse and have extremely good separating and spreadimljgl power.

The colloid affords still greater advantages if at the moment of forming colcuring substances or' dyestufis, the initial 'ike substances are not treated by the ordinary methodbut in the colloid mill, in such a way lithopone, lead colours and the like can be obtained in extremely fine dispersion with rapidity such as is impossible in other ways.

If an enamel substance, artificial or natural resin, size, cellulose ester, coal or the like is taken and to these small quantities of a solvent (510% as dispersion acceler- Example 4. Y

10 parts of cellulose and 100 parts of water with or without the addition 13% gelatine, protein (albumen) or soap without. or still better with the addition of 15% freealkali, are beaten up in the machine at, a temperature of 90 C. for 35 hours. In this time there isformed an opalescent liquid in which the presence of cellulose is not manifest. If the mixture is further beaten until the temperature hassunk to 20 C., after 10 minutes standing the cell structure of the cellulose can no longer be seen with a hundredfold enlar ment throu h the microsco The fine y distributed cellulose thus 0 taine'd may be rendered flocculent by means of acid and (or) acid salts. By evaporating under vacuum a substance is finally obtained which can no .longer be described as cellular in structure but rather rest'mbles celluloid. This is homogeneous and may be formed under pressuremto articles of various kinds even without the addition of adhesives if the moulds are heated at a temperature of 120150 C. under 100 to'300 atmospheres pressures. Similar product can be obtained b the new machines from wood pulp or the 'ke with a sufiicient uantity of water, temperatures and colloida accelcrating and also rotective means.- Further, organosols of ca ular materials such as cellulose may be obtained by means of benzol, acetone and the like, while small quantities of cellulose ester soluble in acetone have been found to be good accelerators of distuents, such for instance as sawdust, to con-' vert them into a very fine dispersed condition and obtain a homogeneous product therefrom which has quite different properties and appearance to wood.

A special advantage of such dispersed cellulose is that it can be converted much easier and more completel into cellulose ester and rodu'cts available fin artificial silk and the i can advantageously be-obtained.

Furtherw e by ordinary wet grinding the technical disintegration can be carried up to the limit 0.001 m.m. (one thousandth), by my process it can be carried easily up to 0.0001 m.m. (one-hundred thousandth) 0. Substances 'made by this dispersion process show colloidal properties, but those made in accordance with the ordinary wet grinding methods do not.

The theoretical basis which in this procass in many cases governs the almost molecular dispersion, consist according to my observations, in that in the treatment of solid substances in a sufficient current of non-conducting fluid dispersion medium by rapid strong beating or friction on the separate particles of he substance, 9. momenta-ry pressure act' 11 of hundreds of kilograms may obtained which is to be regarded as the main cause of the dispersion. It' is to be assumed that in such colomal, momentarily acting presure. or friction action; strong 'frictionalelectricity isformed, which in addition to the frictional or beating acton may be regarded as the actual cause or as the catalyser of the fine dispersions. That the staticelectrical power here. formed by beating mainlyefiects the dispersion also appears from the fact that no colloidal condition can be obtained by grinding even in beating mills with dispersion media in the presence of good electrolytesuflgwithout protective colloids); only when s cient protective colloids are added to the di ersion media is the appearance again evi ent and then only with weak electrolytes. However the. process has been described so that it can be performed without the aid of this theory.

It may be useful to summarize the conditions of success for rapid operation on a commercial scale since it is considered that the present application contains the first disclosure of such conditions leading to a commercially applicable eneral method for ob dispersoids mec anically. Broadly speaking it is necessary to use an extraordinary and hitherto unprecedented intensity of comminut'ron and it is found that increasing this intensity shortens the time of operation in quite a disproportionate manner so that economically it is necessary to operate at very high speeds. When disintegrating mechanically in a non-electro lyte without the aid of the hereafter described artifice, it is necessary to employ a peripheral speed of about 6,000 metres per minute, e. g. in a disintegrator having beater arms. This is the first condition.

Secondly, it has been found that in all cases it is necessary to employ a non-elec-. trolyte or at any rate a very weak electrolyte unlew certain artifices are employed.

In the same way the material to be dispersed must not form an electrolyte with I the dispersion medium. a

van

' Thirdly, it is of the greatest importance to use a large amount of the liquid dis rsion medium. In practice at least 90% 0 li uid or more is employed to 10% of solid an in any case there must be at least 7 0% of liquid to obtain commercial results. v

The above peripheral velocity is very high and theiollowin further means can be employed to reduce it, but whether these means are employed or not the minimum velocity should be in the neighborhood of about 2,000 etres per minute. The economic ada e of using a; high speed increases sharpIy about this point' if efliciency is expressed as a function of speed.

Fourthly then the velocity can be reduced to 2,000 metres per minute if very high pressures are employed in cases when grindin mills are used.

ifthly, the necessary speed can be reduced by using dispersion accelerators which ma be classified as follows 831) Chemical agents which are known to be solventsof the material to be dispersed to a greater or less extent, e. g. acetone or sulphur.

(6) Chemical agents which form.chemical compounds of a labile nature with the dispersion medium in question which have colloidal properties provided that free ions are not formed .in the dispersion medium or only very slightly. With an excess of the dispersion medium these labile compounds decomposed and reformed. Example, addition of alkali in the dispersion of protein, wood, etc.

(a) Chemical agents which have the power of assisting the formation of complex compounds between the material to be dispersed and the dispersion medium. One type of such compounds is given by tannin which assists graphite particles to become hydrated by water molecules. Another type is illustrated in the addition of small quantities of sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid in the manufacture of colloidal phosphates.

At this point I may refer to my prior patents'of 1913, e. g. No. 17729/13 which describes the mechanical disintegration of carbonaceous materials and contrasts this process with the work of Acheson or using tanother substances. alogy g1ves,pract1cally no help in cases of. 7t- A mill'for producing colloidal solutions nin as a .deflocculating agent. My British patents mention that the material is ground, for instance with oil or water at high speed or heavy pressure. It will be seen fromthe above description that this patent does not disclose the necessity of employing speeds of about 2,000 metres per minute to obtain rapid results, nor does it set forth general principles which would enable a specific process for treating carbon or carbonaceous substances to be generalized into a process for dispersing an extremel wide range pf It is. we known that'an- 'comprisin colloid chemistry and it was not ible to foresee general conditions in w ih li other substances could be mechanically converted into the colloidal state.

The apparatus which has been described is of particular value for commercially performing the invention. In the disintegrator type of colloid mill, important features are t e eccentric mouting of the heaters so that an automatic circulation is obtained and the concentration of the action on a limited number of points or on one point by using a limited number of heaters. If the usual number of heaters is employed, it would be impossible to drive a mill on a commercial scale owing to the enormous liquid resistance. In the frictional type of colloid mill, important features are the external adjustability of pressure, the axial introduction of material and the cooling of the friction surfaces.

I declare that what I claim is 1. A mill for producing colloidal solutions comprising a liquid-tight casing, a disintecarried by said shaft, and members cooperating with the beater bars.

3. A mill for producing colloidal solutions comprising a liquid-tight ca a disintegrator of the beater type moun lz di eccentrically therein adapted to rotate at hi h speed and non-rotating abutments at e periphery of the casing adapted to co-operate with said disintegrator.

4. A mill for producing colloidal solutions comprising a liquid-tight casing, a disintegrator of the beater type mounted eccentrically therein, and a member at the centre of the casing adapted to cooperate therewith, said disinte rator being adapted to rotate at high spee 5. A mill for producing colloidal solutions comprising a liquid-tight casing, a disintegrator of the beater type eccentrically mounted therein, and non-rotating beater bars arranged over a ve limited ortion of the periphery of the casing said isinte ator being adapted to rotate at high spee' 6. A mill for producing colloidal solutions a liquid-tight casing, a disintegrator o the beater 'type eccentricall mounted therein adapted to rotate at big speed, and non-rotating beater bars'mounted circular path for. the quid.

comprising a liquid-tight casing, a disinteator of the beater type mounted therein, adapted to rotate at high speed and two sets of beater bars co-operating with the disintegrator to form disintegrating zones of limited extent but intensive action.

8. A mill for producing colloidal solutions comprising a liquid-tight casing, a disintegrator of the beater type, adapted to rotate at high speed and members adapted to ooo erate with said disintegrator so that the disintegration is performed in a limited number of intenslve disintegrating zones disposed unsymmetrically in the'casing.

9. A mill for producing colloidal solutions comprising a liquid-tight casing, a disintegrator having radial projections and adapted to rotate at high speed and means tate at high speed, and a filter adapted to Y prevent outflow of liquid from said casing.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto signed my name this 15th day of March, 1921, in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.

HERMANN PLAUSON.

Witnesses Wnmr J ARNAU, ALFRED BURIKHINE. 

